WAP essays

WAP essays Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an application environment and a set of communication protocols that allow the development of applications and services that enable mobile phones and other mobile devices, such as pagers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) to, manufacturer-, vendor-, and technology -independent access to the Internet or an Intranet. This synergy between the world's two fastest growing technologies - mobile technology and the Internet - is creating and opportunity that no organization can afford to ignore. This opportunity is called the Mobile Internet. Wireless data networks present a more constrained communication environment compared to wired networks. Because of fundamental limitations of power, available spectrum and mobility, wireless data networks tend to have: Less predictable availability Furthermore, as bandwidth increases, the handset's power consumption also increases which further taxes the already limited battery life of a mobile device. Therefore, even as wireless networks improve their ability to deliver higher bandwidth, the power availability at the handset will still limit the effective throughput of data to and from the device. A wireless data solution must be able to overcome these network limitations and still deliver a satisfactory user experience. Handheld wireless devices present a more constrained computing environment compared to desktop computers. Because of fundamental limitations of battery life and form factor, mass-market handheld devices tend to have: Restricted power consumption Different input devices (e.g., a phone keypad, voice input, etc.) Because of these limitations, the user interface of a wireless handset is fundamentally different than that of a desktop computer. The limited screen size and lack of a mouse requires a different user interface metaphor than the traditional desktop GUI. Furthermore, consumers desire handsets with longer...

How to Speak to a Customer Service Representative

How to Speak to a Customer Service Representative At some point, most of us make a telephone call to a companys customer service department. Whether its to place an order or a complaint, dispute a charge, or ask a question, its important to know how to communicate with customer service representatives. In this intermediate-level role-play dialogue, you will get a better understanding of how to interact with a customer service representative. Customer service calls usually follow a standard procedure. The representative will often ask for information such as your address and phone number. After practicing this role-play, you should be able to conduct these types of phone calls with what youve learned. Grab a partner and start practicing. Customer Service Representative: Hello, Big City Electricity, how may I help you today? Mr. Peters: Im calling concerning my electricity bill. Customer Service Representative: May I have your account number? Mr. Peters: Certainly, its 4392107. Customer Service Representative: Thank you, is this Mr. Peters? Mr. Peters: Yes, this is Mr. Peters. Customer Service Representative: Thank you, what can I help you with? Mr. Peters:Â  I think Ive been overcharged for the past month. Customer Service Representative: Im sorry to hear that. Why do you think we charged you too much? Mr. Peters: The bill is 300% higher than last month. Customer Service Representative: Im sorry to hear that. Let me ask you a few questions and then Ill see what I can do. Mr. Peters: OK, Thank you for your help. Customer Service Representative: Of course, thank you for calling this to our attention. Now, how much do you usually pay for your electricity? Mr. Peters: I usually pay about $50 a month.​ Customer Service Representative: Thank you. And how much did we charge on this bill?​ Mr. Peters: $150. I cant understand why.​ Customer Service Representative: Yes, Mr. Peters. Was your usage different in any way?​ Mr. Peters: No, it was an average month.​ Customer Service Representative: Im sorry. There certainly seems to be a mistake.​ Mr. Peters: Well, Im happy you agree with me.​ Customer Service Representative: Ill contact a service representative to come out and check your meter. Whats your address, Mr. Peters?​ Mr. Peters: 223 Flanders St., Tacoma, Washington 94998​ Customer Service Representative: Whats your phone number?​ Mr. Peters: 408-533-0875​ Customer Service Representative: Im terribly sorry about the misunderstanding. Well do our best to change this as quickly as possible. Mr. Peters: Thank you for your help in clearing this up. Customer Service Representative: Of course. Is there anything else that I can help you with today? Mr. Peters: No, thank you. That would be all. Customer Service Representative: Okay. Thanks for calling, Mr. Peters, and I hope you have a good day. Mr. Peters: You too! Goodbye.

In future most of us will increasingly live in the virtual world of Essay

In future most of us will increasingly live in the virtual world of the computer , using it as a source of instruction , entertainment and friendship. Will this be a good or bad thing - Essay Example In the United Kingdom alone, statistics show that 98 percent of those who belong in the age group of five to 18 use computers for different purposes in the year 2002 only (â€Å"Activities undertaken,† n.d.). It was also found in another broader-coverage survey that 57% of British households have Internet access in the year 2006, an 11-point percentage increase after a four-year period (National Statistics, 2006, p. 1). As shown in these numbers, there is no denial that many are now spending more time in the virtual world of the computers. Whether these trends are good or not, this paper will attempt to answer. On top of its basic computing purposes, personal computers are now equipped with different features that allow people to do countless activities that aid them in office or school-related works, gaming, managing one’s finances, communicating with other people, and connecting to the Internet (Miller, 2007, pp. 10-11). With computers, people can make reports, essays, compute complicated accounting problems, and many others anytime they want. In addition to the basic programs made especially for these PCs, virtual libraries and sites can provide people with much needed information and services without even stepping out of the house or offices. Individuals, organizations -- government, non-government, private and alike -- are now continually improving websites for the consumption of the public; while others are free, many companies are now also using the computers and the Internet to provide information and services for a fee. Youngsters and even adults can also use computers for playing or any other sources of entertainment. There are already a lot of available computer games that anyone can download or play with other friends through networks of computers or via online. Moreover, computers -- especially the Internet-based ones -- can also be utilized in searching for the age-old to the latest releases of

Cultural Plualism Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Plualism Assignment - Essay Example The people, who migrate from their homelands to work in foreign lands, form minorities and represent their cultures in the presence of other cultures; this creates the concept of cultural pluralism. Following are some of the criteria, on the basis of which different cultures can be described; Individualistic versus collective Masculinity versus femininity Social perspective of different cultures 2. Cultural Patterns The cultural pattern that has been chosen for analysis (with respect to a global context) is ‘individualistic versus collective’ cultures. Dessler (2007) defined individualism as the extent to which individuals look out for their own betterment instead of acting like a member of a group (or society). The societies that promote such non-conformist point of views are often termed as individualistic cultures. In individualistic cultures, social and family bonds are much looser than the other cultures since they do not value traditional customs and morals to a gr eat extent. Lascu (2003) explained that great stress is laid on the achievement of personal goals and attaining capabilities to fulfill their dreams. Social norms are not as important as the individual’s own decisions and judgments. Their main aims in life are self satisfaction, achievement of their own objectives and fulfillment of their own desires. People, who follow an individualistic culture, feel unenthusiastic about participating in collective efforts of a group if their own actions are not acknowledged and rewarded. Collectivism can be defined as the extent to which individuals act for the betterment of the whole group (family, social circle etc) rather than self interests. Hofstede (2001) stated that the social ties and values of individuals are very strong in a collectivist culture. They value the greater benefit of the whole group before their own and are in favor of sharing their rewards with all the group members. There exists a need in the collectivist culture t o associate oneself with a certain group since the sense of belonging and dependence is very common. Markus and Kitayama (1991) defined individualism and collectivism as independence and interdependence with the individual’s organization, respectively. Collectivist culture promotes interdependence with people outside the group and greater associations with people inside the group. Krynke (1998) stated that cultures have been witnessed to transform from collectivist to individualistic ones due to the progression of industrialization. 3. Individualistic and Collective Cultures in a Global Perspective Individualistic culture is usually witnessed in organizations that are present in fully industrialized countries for example, United States, Britain, Australia etc. The western countries have been known to possess loose social and cultural ties in their societies therefore individualistic culture usually prevails in the respective region. The individual is not dependent on his orga nization, at any emotional level. The concepts of trust, loyalty and friendship do not bear much relevance in such cultures since greater success and profits overpower all other factors. Individualistic culture promotes the concept of enhancing their own identity on the basis of their unique traits. On the contrary, Asian and Middle Eastern countries have always treasured the factors of social harmony, religious norms etc. The culture in such regions is strongly influenced by religion and traditions of their past generations, due to which they value

As Psychology Essay Example for Free

As Psychology Essay One of the key differences between the concepts of STM and LTM is duration. â€Å"Duration† refers to how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available. Short term memories don’t last very long. An example of STM in action would be trying to remember a seven-digit phone number that you have just been given. This is maintained in the short-term memory by REPETITION until the number is dialled, and then fades once the conversation starts. The way most people keep information in their STM for more than a few seconds is to rehearse it. So rehearsal is one way of keeping a memory active. The result of verbal rehearsal is that STM are held in the STM store and eventually become long term. Duration of LTM LTM refers to memories that last anywhere for 2 hours to 100 years plus, i. e. anything that isn’t short term. Some memories are very long lasting. For example Shepard (1967) tested duration of LTM. He showed participants 612 memorable pictures, one at a time. An hour later they were shown some of these pictures among a set of others and showed almost perfect recognition. Four months later they were still able to recognise 50% of photographs. The material to be remembered was more meaningful to the participants and therefore the duration of the LTM was better. Key study on duration of STM Lloyd and Margaret Peterson (1959) conducted a landmark study of the duration of STM. They enlisted the help of 24 students attending their university. The experimenter said a consonant syllable to the participant followed by a three-digit number (e. g. WRT 303 or SCX 591). The consonant syllable was selected to have no meaning. Immediately after hearing the syllable and number, the participants had to count backwards from this number in 3s or 4s until told to stop. Then the participants were asked to recall the nonsense syllable. The reason for counting backwards was to stop the participants rehearsing the syllable because rehearsal would aid recall. Each participant was given two practice trials followed by eight trials. On each trial the retention interval (time spent counting backwards) was different. They found that participants remembered about 90% when there was only a 3-second interval and about 2% when there was an 18-second interval. This suggests that, when rehearsal is prevented, STM lasts about 20 seconds at most. Evaluation The findings from the Peterson and Peterson study have been challenged. We might argue that, in this experiment, participants were relying on more than STM alone because they knew they were going to be asked to recall the items after an interval filled with a distracting activity. Other research such as Marsh et al, (1997) has suggested that when participants do not expect to be tested after this interval, forgetting may occur after just 2 seconds. This suggests that our understanding of the duration of STM may not be as clear-cut as first thought. In fact, more recent research even suggests that the duration of STM is not as short as Peterson and Peterson’s study would suggest. Nairne’s et al (1999) found that items could be recalled after as long as 96 seconds. In Nairne’s study, participants were asked to recall the same items across trials, whereas in the earlier study different items were used on each trial, which would have led to interference between items, decreasing recall. Capacity and Encoding Capacity is a measure of how much can be held in memory. It is measured in terms of bits of information such as number of digits. STM has a very limited capacity (less than 7 chunks of information) whereas LTM has potentially unlimited capacity. Increasing the capacity of STM The magic number 7+/-2 George Miller (1956) wrote a memorable article called â€Å"The magic number seven plus or minus two†. He reviewed psychological research and concluded that the span of immediate memory is 7; people can cope reasonably well with counting seven dots flashed onto a screen but not many more than this. Miller also found out that people can recall 5 words as well as they can recall 5 letters – we chunk things together and can then remember more. The size of the chunk matters Simon (1974) found that people had a shorter memory span for larger chunks, such as 8-word phrases, than smaller chunks, such as one-syllable words. Evaluation Cowan (2001) reviewed a variety of studies on the capacity of STM and concluded that STM is likely to be limited to above 4 chunks. This suggests that STM may not be as extensive as was first thought. Vogel et al, (2001) looked at the capacity of STM for visual information and also found that 4 items was about the limit. Encoding in STM and LTM PAGE 23 Encoding is the way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. Information enters the brain via the senses. It is then stored in various forms such as visual codes (picture), acoustic forms (sounds), or a semantic form (the meaning of the experience). Information in the STM is mainly encoded acoustically (information is represented as sound); whereas information in LTM tends to be encoded semantically (information is represented by its meaning). Acoustic and semantic encoding We can compare the ways information is stored in STM and LTM in terms of encoding of the memory trace. Acoustic coding involved coding information in terms of the way it sounds The multi-store model of memory The multi-store model of memory (MSM) is an explanation of how memory processes work. The MSM was first described by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968. There is three stores/components in the MSM which are the sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory The sensory memory is composed of several stores which are the eyes, ears, nose, etc, and the corresponding areas of the brain. If a person’s attention is focused on one of the sensory stores, then the data is transferred to STM. Attention is the first step in remembering something. Short-term memory Information held in STM is in a â€Å"fragile state†. It will disappear relatively quickly if rehearsal is prevented. Information will also disappear if new information enters STM pushing out the original information. This happens because STM has a limited capacity. Long-term memory The second step is moving information from STM to LTM. Atkinson and Shiffrin said that this also happens through rehearsal. The more something is rehearsed the more it will be remembered. This kind of rehearsal is referred to maintenance rehearsal. Evaluation The sensory store Sperling (1920) gave participants a grid of digits and letters for 50 milliseconds. They were either asked to write down all 12 items or they were told they would hear a tone immediately after the exposure and they should just write down that row. When asked to report the whole thing their recall was poorer (5 items recalled, about 42%) then when asked to give one row only (3 items recalled, 75%). This show that information decays rapidly in the sensory store. The serial position effect Glazer and Cunitz (1966) gave participants a list of 20 words, presented one at a time, and then asked to recall words they could remember. They tended to remember the words from the start of the list (primary effect) and from the end of the list (recency effect) but were less good at recalling words in the middle. The primary effects occur because the first words are best rehearsed and transferred to LTM. The recency effect occurs because these words are in the STM when people start recalling the list. Areas of the brain associated with STM and LTM One way to demonstrate the existence of separate stores in memory is to link STM and LTM to specific areas of the brain. Modern techniques of scanning the brain can be used to take images of the active brain and enable us to see what region is active when a person is undertaking particular tasks. Research (Beardsley, 1977) has found that the prefrontal cortex is active when individuals are working on a task in STM. The working memory model Baddeley and Hitch (1974) used the term ‘working memory’ to refer to that bit of memory that you are using when you are working on a complex task which requires you to store information as you go along. The components of the working memory Central executive This is the key component of the working memory. The function of the central executive is to direct attention to particular tasks, determining at any time how ‘resources’ are allocated to tasks. The central executive has a very limited capacity. Phonological loop This also has a limited capacity. The phonological loop deals with the auditory information and preserves the order of information. Baddeley (1986) further subdivided this loop into the phonological store and an articulatory process. The phonological store holds the words you hear, like an inner ear. The articulatory process is used for words that are heard or seen (inner voice). Visuo-spatial sketch pad The Visuo-spatial sketch pad is used when you have to plan a spatial task (like getting from one room to another). Visual and/or spatial information is temporary stored here. Visual information is what things looks like and spatial information is the relationship between things. Logie (1995) suggested that the Visuo-spatial sketchpad can be divided into a visual cache (store) and inner scribe which deals with spatial relations. Episodic buffer Baddeley (2000) added the episodic buffer because he realised the model needed a general store. The episodic buffer is an extra storage system that has a limited capacity. It integrates information from the central executive, the phonological loop and the Visuo-spatial sketchpad and also from the long-term memory. Evaluation Doing two tasks using the same or different components Hitch and Baddeley (1976) gave participants two tasks to do simultaneously. Task 1 occupied the central executive and task 2 either involved the articulatory loop or both the central executive and articulatory loop. Task 1 was slower when given a task involving both the central executive and articulatory loop. The speed on task 1 was the same whether using the articulatory loop or no extra task. This shows that doing two tasks that involve the same component causes difficulty. Evidence for the central executive Bunge et al. (2000) used an fmri to see which parts of the brain were most active when participants were doing two tasks (reading a sentence and recalling the final word in each sentence). The same brain areas were active in either dual- or single – task conditions but there was significantly more activation in the dual-task condition indicating that increased demands were reflected in brain activity. Evidence for the Visuo-spatial sketchpad Baddeley et al. (1975b) demonstrated the existence of thee Visuo-spatial sketch pad. Participants were given a visual tracking task (they had to track a moving light with a pointer). At the same time they were given kne of two other tasks: task 1 was to describe all the angles on the letter F, task 2 was to perform a verbal task. Task 1 was very difficult but not task 2. This is also evidence related to the effects of doing two tasks using the same or different components. Evidence for the episodic buffer Baddeley et al. (1987) found that, when participants were shown words and then asked for immediate recall, their performance was much better for sentences (related words) then for unrelated words. This supports the idea of an immediate memory store for itesms that are neither visual nor phonological. Accuracy of Eye Witness testimony Loftus and Palmer were interested in whether misleading interesting distorted the accuracy of an eyewitness’s immediate recall. What did they do? 45 students were shown seven films of different traffic accidents. After each film the participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer a series of specific questions about it. There was one critical question. This question was about ‘how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? One group of participants were given this question whereas the other five groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, bumped or contacted in place of the word hit. What did they find? The group given the world ‘smashed’ estimated a higher speed that the other groups (about 41 mph). The group given the word ‘contacted’ estimated the lower speed (about 30 mph). Evaluation Supporting DO LATER (PAGE 33) Factors influencing the accuracy of eye witnessing testimony Many researchers have looked at the relationship between anxiety and accuracy in eyewitness testimony. Deffenbacher et al. 2004) carried out a meta-analysis of 18 studies published between 1974 and 1997, looking at the effects of heightening anxiety on accuracy of eyewitness recall. From these studies it was clear that there was considerable support for the hypothesis that high levels of stress negativity impacted on the accuracy of eyewitness memory. Anxiety enhances recall Christianson and Hubienet te (1993) found when they questioned 58 real witnesses to bank robberies. Those witnesses who were threatened in some way were more accurate in their recall and remembered more detail than those who had been onlookers. This continued to be true even 15 months later. The weapon focus effect Johnson and Scott (1976) identified the weapon-focus effect. In their initial experiment, Loftus et al. used two conditions, one involving a weapon and one not. In both conditions participants heard a discussion in an adjoining room. In condition 1 a man emerged holding a pen and with grease on his hands. In conditions 2 the discussion was rather more heated and a man emerged holding a paperknife covered in blood. When asked to identify the man from 50 photos, participants in condition 1 were 49% more accurate, compared with 33% accuracy in condition 2. This suggests that the weapon may have distracted attention from the person holding it and therefore explain why eyewitnesses sometimes have poor recall for certain details of violent crimes. Evaluation Explaining the apparent contradiction Deffenbacher suggests that this contradiction in research finding could best be explained with reference to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which states that performance improves with increase of arousal up to some optical point then declines with further increase. Many researchers believe that anxiety effects in eye-witness testimony are curvilinear. This means that small to medium increases in arousal may increase the accuracy of memory, but high levels interfere with accuracy. Those studies which had found improved memory accuracy were most likely dealing with increased arousal within the first part of the Yerkes-Dodson curve, whereas studies which showed that accuracy decreases with increased arousal were most likely operating in the second part of the curve. MORE EVALUATION!! The cognition interview Fisher and Geiselman (1992) developed an interviewing technique, the cognitive interview. The original cognitive interview technique could be characterised by four distinct components 1. Report everything (hypermnesia) 2. Mental reinstatement of context- the interviewer encourages the interviewee to mentally recreate the environment and contacts from the original incident. 3. Changing the order- the interviewer may try alternative ways through the timeline of the incident, for example by reversing the order in which events occurred. 4. Changing the perspective- the interviewee is asked to recall the incident from multiple perspectives The first two components are based on the principle that if there is consistency between the actual incident and the recreated situation, there is an increased likeliness that witnesses will recall more detail therefore more accurate in their recall. The latter two components are based on the assumption that information that observed can be retrieved through a number of different routes into an individual’s memory. Evaluation Kohnken et al. , (1999) did a meta-analysis of 53 studies found, on average, an increase of 34% in the amount of correct information generated in the cognitive interview compared with standard interviewing techniques. Milne and Bull (2002) examined the relative effectiveness of each of the four components of the cognitive interview. Undergraduate students and children were interviewed using one of the components of the cognitive interview and compared to a control condition (where they were instructed to simply ‘try again’). When participants were interviewed using a combination of the components ‘mental reinstatement’ and ‘report everything’ their recall was significantly higher than in all other conditions.

Gunsmoke: Character of the Old West Marshal, Matt Dillon :: Radio

Gunsmoke: Character of the Old West Marshal, Matt Dillon The American West. Full of opportunity and danger. Out on the prairie there was always a need for those that were willing to "serve and protect". No ordinary lawman would do though. The needs and demands that were placed on those in authority during that time called for someone extraordinary. The people in the few scattered cities here and there depended on marshals and their ability to uphold the law. Dodge City was no exception, in fact it was the rule. Many ruffians came and went through Dodge and therefore the City needed a lawman like no other. What they had was Marshal Matt Dillon. Marshal Dillon embodied everything that was asked for in the typical "old west" lawman. He did his job and did it well. There are many characteristics that are required of such a man, in such a position as he was in. Marshal Dillon was indeed so like the typical lawman that he was fictional in and of himself. However he is very real in the minds and hearts of all those who have ever experienced the t hrill of hearing the words, "there is only one way to tame... (the west). With a six shooter, and the smell of Gunsmoke."(Radio Spirits). Anyone who has ever heard, watched, or read about Gunsmoke understands the vital role that the character of Matt Dillon plays to the unfolding of almost every episode and tale. Dillon is the portrayal of all that was valued, respected, envied, and romanticized in the stereotypical old west lawman. Marshal Dillon has several characteristics about him that require scrutiny however to do so properly would require a virtual novel of research, as can be seen by the myriad of different traits observed by an Andrews University Lit. class on the American West (www.andrews.edu/~closserb link to Gunsmoke summaries). Therefore examining a few traits that seem to be most frequently observed in a broad way is more reasonable. Marshal Dillon is above all else strong or tough. In this sense strong is to be applied to both the physical prowess and mental resolve. Time and time again Dillon is called upon to be strong. In the radio episode of Gunsmoke "How to Kill a Friend" Dillon shows his strength of mind by refusing a bribe as well as having the strength to stand up to an old friend even if it meant having to kill him.

Blood Case Study Essay

1. A) The primary disorder of this person is Hemolytic Anemia. That is when the bone marrow is unable to produce more red blood cells to make up for the ones being lost. There are more being destroyed faster and the bone marrow can not keep up. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ha/ha_whatis.html B) The cause of the leukocytosis is that there is an increase in the production of white blood cells and in this case it is the level of lymphocytes that are elevated. The bone marrow is making too many white blood cells. There is an abnormality in the bone marrow concerning the production of white blood cells and too many are released in the blood. http://www.medindia.net/education/familymedicine/Leukocytosis.htm C) The cause of the thrombocytopenia is due to a low platelet count. The bone marrow is making enough platelets to keep up with the ones being lost. http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/thrombocytopenia.htm D) The cause of anemia is due to a decreased red blood cell production by the bone marrow. The red blood cells are being destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them. The bone marrow is being over exerted. 2. Cephalosporin is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. She will exhibit her skin bruising easily, fatigue, nose bleeds and general weakness http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/thcp/thcp_signs.html 3. People with advanced kidney disease commonly become anemic because the kidney’s produce EPO(Erythropoietin) which helps the bone marrow make red blood cells. When they are diagnosed with kidney disease the kidney’s do not make enough EPO and therefore the bone marrow makes less red blood cells causing anemia. http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/expect/ 4. A decrease in plasma protein would cause swelling in legs, loss of appetite, excessive urination, headache and jaundice of the skin. A disorder that could cause these effects would be liver disease. 5. The kidney’s are used to regulate blood volume and also the hematocrit. Restricted blood flow will cause an increase in the hematocrit. Low blood pressure causes an increase in hematocrit. 6. Total bilirubin would be increased in a person that has liver damage. 7. The type of white blood cell that would be in great numbers in an infected cut would be a neutrophil. They are produced in the bone marrow. They are fast acting and arrive at the site of an infection within a hour. They kill pathogens by phagocytosis. http://coloncancer.about.com/od/glossary/g/neutrophils.htm 8. Leukocytes also known as white blood cells would be elevated in a person who is combating a virus. Leukocytes defend your body against infections. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/leukocytes-white-blood-cells.html 9. Vitamin K aids in blood clotting. Prolonged use of antibiotics can kill the bacteria in the intestines and cause a deficiency in vitamin K. A vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/vitamin-k-000343.htm 10. Having few megakaryocytes would reveal that this person is likely to be having a low platelet count resulting in anemia. 11. Fetal hemoglobin is able to bind to oxygen with greater liking than adult. The fetus has better access to oxygen from mother’s blood. Fetal hemoglobin last about 6 months after the child is born and is taken over by adult hemoglobin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_hemoglobin 12. Febrile non-hemolytic reaction is most common. It is usually caused by cytokines. It is associated with fever and there is no real lasting side effects. Acute hemolytic reaction is a real serious emergency. It occurs when the person is destroying the donors red blood cells. It is usually caused by giving wrong blood during a transfusion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_reaction 13. When a Rh negative person is first exposed to Rh positive blood a first time the body builds antibodies like it is something foreign. The second time the person is exposed to Rh positive blood the body is going to attack it. It has built up antibodies against the Rh factor. http://mmcenters.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?id=2093 14. My diagnosis is that she has Cushing’s Disease. There is a tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor is caused by the adrenal glands, which are making too much of the hormone cortisol. http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/hormone/623.html 15. 1) The primary disorder of this person is Iron Deficiency Anemia. There is too little iron in the body. 2) The ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate is necessary because it is a type of iron. It will help the body get back to its normal limit of iron. 3) Some dietary suggestions would be to eat fish, meat mainly liver, fortified cereals and bread because they are all good sources of iron. http://l3.leukemia-lymphoma.org/attachments/National/br_985716044.pdf 16. 1) The disorder of this person is polycythemia Vera. If the EPO levels were increased it would indicate something else and if the arterial oxygen level was high it would indicate something else as well. 2) Phlebotomy will help correct this problem because by removing so much blood over a course of time it will reduce the number of red blood cells and reduce the blood volume so blood can function normal. 3) Myelosuppressive therapy may be needed because phlebotomy may not be enough to correct the problem. The bone marrow’s ability to make red blood cells is being suppressed. 4) The BUN and Creatinine rule out renal or kidney failure. 5) Albumin, ALT, AST, and Bilirubin indicate possible liver problems. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/polycythemia-vera/DS00919 April Trotter BIO 169 Blood Vessel Histology 1) An artery is an elastic and muscular blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. There is one exception, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs so they can get oxygen ad remove carbon dioxide. Blood is delivered to the arterioles and capillaries trough the systemic arteries. There are three types of arteries. The elastic artery which allows the arteries to stretch. The muscular artery is the most common. There are little or no elastic fibers. They are very strong but not flexible. The arterioles are the smallest of the arteries. They are very important in blood pressure control. The aorta is an elastic artery and is the largest artery in the body. It delivers blood to all parts of the body. The aorta is divided into five sections the descending, ascending, aortic arch, thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36874/artery 2) The capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They have only a tunica intima. They are very fragile and easily destroyed. They have no smooth muscle. The continuous capillaries are the strongest and do not leak. They are found mostly in muscle. Fenestrated capillaries are found in the kidney, pancreas and intestine and are leaky. Sinusoidal capillaries are very leaky and have many pore openings. They are located mainly in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaries 3) The vein carry blood toward the heart. Veins act as a blood reservoir. There is a low pressure in the veins and they have a thin wall. There is a muscular pump which the veins are placed between skeletal muscle. When the vein is squeezed blood is returned to the heart. The respiratory pump involves the diaphragm. Vein consist of three parts. The tunica externa which is made up of connective tissue and nerves. The tunica media is composed of smooth muscle and the tunica intima is composed of simple squamous. Veins also have valves to prevent blood from flowing the wrong way. http://www.blobs.org/science/article.php?article=54#4 4) The arterioles are the smallest of the blood vessels. They extend from an artery and lead to a capillary. They have only little muscle mass and contain smooth muscle. They carry blood away from the heart as well. They are very important in blood pressure regulation. They change size to keep up with the flow of blood. http://highbloodpressure.about.com/od/highbloodpressure101/p/circ_art3.htm 5) Atherosclerosis is when plaque build up inside an artery and causes a blockage. It is caused by damage to the endothelium. Cholesterol starts to stick, smooth muscle grows abnormally, calcium starts to stick and gets stuck in plaque causing it to get hard. The plaque can rupture and cause blood clots. If the plaque breaks it can move in the blood and cause a heart attack or a stroke depending on where the blockage is. It is a slow progressive disease. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4440